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hardly是否可在簡單句句首引起倒裝 | |||
作者:admin 文章來源:本站原創 點擊數: 更新時間:2020-12-19 |
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hardly是否可在簡單句句首引起倒裝 ■倪肖丁(西安) 英國朗文出版公司的LLCE詞典在hardly詞條中有一個例句為He could hardly wait to hear the news,這與《英漢大詞典》的例句He could hardly (或Hardly could he)wait to hear the news頗為相似!不同的是,LLCE的例句并沒有提供(或Hardly could he)這樣的替換性選擇。是不是《英漢大詞典》在借用LLCE例句的同時又受到了《英語慣用法詞典》的影響而添加了括號中這個選項呢? 查閱英文辭書、英文語法或語言學文獻以及有關報刊時,我們沒有發現hardly在單句句首引起倒裝的依據或例證。恰恰相反,我們見到的是對這一用法的否定。 例如Macmillan English Grammar In Context (Advanced )(MEGCA)第200頁設計了有關Inversion的二選一測試題如下: Hardly / Little did I know that it would be another three years before I saw her again. 答案為Little,排除了Hardly。 在單句中hardly和scarcely只有在后接ever,構成hardly ever, scarcely ever這種組合方式的情況下才會置于句首引起倒裝。 例如EGUC指出:The adverbs of negative import – never, seldom, rarely, hardly ever – are occasionally fronted and followed by Subject–operator inversion for purposes of emphasis, though this structure is formal in style or emphatic.(否定性導入副詞never, seldom, rarely, hardly ever有時前置于句首,后接部分倒裝語序用以強調,這一結構用于正式文體或加強語氣) PEG在Inversion of the verb after certain adverbs一節列出了引起倒裝的副詞(短語)中最常用的一部分。其中包括:never, seldom, neither/nor, nowhere, hardly...when, scarcely...when以及hardly ever和scarcely ever。 顯而易見,EGUC、PEG和GVCAP(Unit Seven)均把hardly ever和scarcely ever(而不是hardly和scarcely)視為與never, seldom和rarely等并列的引導簡單句倒裝語序的否定副詞。例如: Hardly/Scarcely ever did they manage to meet unobserved.(PEG-§38,45) Scarcely ever has the British nation suffered so much obloquy. (UGE) Hardly ever did he wear a suit.(GVCAP) Hardly ever do they tend to the pseudo-glam, fashion-world jobs they inexplicably manage to keep. (時代周刊, 1995/06/12) Hardly ever has any policy conference recommendation been so quickly or comprehensively implemented.(INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HOUSING AND HOME) 但值得注意的是,hardly ever的意思基本與almost never相當,具有“幾乎從未…”之意。這與單獨的hardly有所區別,后者通常不具此義,只有在修飾可用頻度副詞修飾的動詞時才有可能。例如:She hardly (ever) sees her parents these days.(OALD) 由此可知,正如前文提到的Macmillan English Grammar In Context (Advanced )的習題已經向我們表明的那樣,從語言的規范性角度來講,hardly單獨位于簡單句句首引起倒裝不可接受。 因此,本文開頭提到的兩個例句子均應使用正常語序,可分別改為He is hardly aware of the truth和I hardly notice that the holiday is going by。如果直接在原句的Hardly后添加ever,雖然倒裝語序成立,但句意改變甚至句意不通,尤其第二句。 必須承認,語言規律不像數學公式那樣嚴密,有時會因個人文化背景或用語場合等諸多因素而產生例外情況。hardly在單句句首引起倒裝的用法,在早期文學作品或歷史題材文學作品中的偶爾出現也是客觀存在。例如: Hardly could I wait till night. ( The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night) Hardly has our strength sufficed to beat off the first great assault. (Lord of the Rings) 總之,我們自己在使用英語(包括英語教學)時應該避免把hardly置于單句句首引導倒裝句,尤其在規范的筆語和考試中。但對于早期文學作品中存在少量這種用法的現象,也應予以客觀看待,既不奉為典例,也不求全責備。 說明:hardly在單句句首引導倒裝語序在基礎英語教學中似乎已成為習以為常的現象。本文對此的質疑,旨在作出個人的獨立探討而非簡單的結論,故文中觀點僅供讀者研判參考。 完整內容請查看:https://www.cpsenglish.com/article/107 |
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